Design and Implementation of a Next-Generation Remote Lab for IoT and Industry 4.0 [1]

The rapid adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) across various industries, including manufacturing, healthcare, transportation, energy, and smart cities, has created a significant demand for skilled professionals in IoT hardware design, software development, deployment, and maintenance. However, the educational landscape has struggled to keep pace with this demand, as many universities lack dedicated IoT programs or fail to integrate IoT education into non-IT disciplines. This gap has led to a shortage of professionals skilled in IoT, posing a challenge for industries seeking to harness IoT technologies effectively. To address this challenge, next-generation remote laboratory infrastructures have emerged as a viable solution, enabling hands-on learning with IoT devices without the constraints of physical access to hardware. These infrastructures are particularly valuable for lifelong learners, students in remote areas, and institutions with limited resources, offering scalable and flexible access to IoT experimentation platforms via the Internet. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic underscored the necessity of resilient and accessible online learning solutions, reinforcing the role of Virtual and Remote E-Laboratory (VREL) platforms in modern education. This paper presents the design, implementation, and operation of a next-generation remote laboratory infrastructure for IoT and Industry 4.0 education and research. Our approach builds upon the outcomes of two European Commission-funded projects—IOT-OPEN.EU (2016-2019) and IOT-OPEN.EU Reloaded (2022-2025) focuses on providing scalable, secure, and accessible remote IoT education solutions. We outline the architectural framework, key components, and technical challenges of deploying such infrastructures, including connectivity, security, scalability, and user management. Additionally, we discuss the educational impact of these platforms and their role in addressing the global IoT skills gap. Our findings demonstrate that remote IoT laboratories can be an effective and scalable alternative to traditional hands-on learning, supporting academic institutions and industry professionals in acquiring practical IoT skills. These infrastructures can enhance IoT education and workforce readiness by leveraging open-source technologies and modular architectures, ensuring broader accessibility and fostering innovation in the field.